This dataset consists of comparisons of mortality and hospital discharge rates/diagnoses between Old Order Amish (OOA) living in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and non-Amish Caucasians. The Anabaptist Genealogy Database Version 5 (AGDB5) and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) were utilized for the mortality statistics for each cohort, respectively. Additionally, OOA health-related data were collected from hospital discharge records from 4 Lancaster County hospitals while the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) was used for non-Amish Caucasians. For each discharge the principal diagnosis and up to 6 additional diagnoses were recorded using ICD-9-CM codes. The dataset consists of demographics, mortality statistics, hospital discharge and diagnoses data, as well as longevity and health-related comparison analyses between the two groups.